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1.
Rev. peru. biol. (Impr.) ; 29(1): e20887, ene.-mar. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1377191

ABSTRACT

Resumen En el presente trabajo se estudia la diversidad de escarabajos coprófagos en tres zonas urbanizadas del departamento de Sucre, Colombia, cada una con características ecológicas distintas. Los individuos fueron capturados con trampas de caída cebadas. Se analizaron el esfuerzo de muestreo, las curvas de rango-abundancia y los índices de diversidad alfa y beta. Se capturaron 710 individuos, agrupados en nueve géneros y 13 especies. El análisis de completitud arrojó valores por encima del 97%. El ensamble más diverso en cualquiera de los tres órdenes de "q" se encontró en la zona que alberga edificaciones, jardines y un parche de bosque de vegetación secundaria, seguido por una zona de pastizales, con pocas edificaciones; el ensamble de menor diversidad correspondió a la zona rodeada de edificaciones y con escasa cobertura vegetal. El índice de Sorensen-Dice arrojó una similitud total entre las tres zonas del 38%. Las curvas de rango-abundancia mostraron mayor equidad de especies en la zona más diversa. Los resultados indicaron que la composición del ensamble de escarabajos depende de las condiciones ambientales y el grado de urbanización. Así mismo, se evidenció que algunas especies pueden tener alta adaptabilidad y que algunas de ellas corren el riesgo potencial de presentar eventos de extinción local.


Abstract In this paper, diversity and composition of dung beetles assemblage was study in three urbanized areas with different ecological characteristics from Sucre department , Colombia. Individuals were captured with baited pitfall traps. Sampling effort, range-abundance curves, alpha and beta diversity indices were estimated and compared among the sites. Seven hundred ten individuals grouped into nine genera and 13 species were recorded. The completeness analysis yielded values above 97%. The most diverse assemblage in any of the three orders of "q" was found in the site with a mixture of buildings, gardens, and a patch of secondary vegetation forest, followed by the site with few facilities and open green spaces, and the least diverse site corresponded to the area surrounded by buildings with little vegetation cover. Sorensen-Dice index similarity among the three sites was 38%. The range-abundance curves showed higher species equitability in the most diverse site. The results show that the beetle assemblage composition depends on environmental conditions and the degree of urbanization. It was also evident that some species have high adaptability to urban spaces and others are potentially at risk of local extinction events.

2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 66(4): 1547-1558, oct.-dic. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1003345

ABSTRACT

Abstract Increasing urbanisation is widely associated with decline in biodiversity of all forms. The aim of the present study was to answer two questions: (i) Does rapid urbanization in Delhi (India) affect biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi? (ii) If so, how? We measured the AM fungal diversity at nine sites located in Delhi forests, which had different types of urban usage in terms of heavy vehicular traffic pollution, littering, defecation and recreational activities. The study revealed a significant decrease in AM fungal diversity (alpha diversity) and abundance measured as spore density, biovolume, mean infection percentage (MIP) in roots, soil hyphal length and easily extractable glomalin related soluble proteins (EE-GRSP) at polluted sites. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and nested PERMANOVA, revealed significant differences in AM fungal community structure which could be correlated with variations in soil moisture, temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen and phosphorus levels. BEST (biota and environmental matching) analysis of biological and environmental samples revealed that soil temperature and moisture accounted for 47.6 % of the total variations in the samples. The study demonstrated how different forms of human activities in urban ecosystems of Delhi are detrimental to the diversity and abundance of AM fungi.(AU)


Resumen El incremento en la urbanización está ampliamente asociado con una disminución de la biodiversidad de todas las formas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue responder dos preguntas: (i) ¿Afecta la urbanización rápida en Delhi (India) la biodiversidad de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (MA)?, y (ii) si es así, ¿Cómo? Medimos la diversidad de hongos MA en nueve sitios ubicados en los bosques de Delhi, los cuales tenían diferentes tipos de uso urbano en términos de contaminación por alto tráfico vehicular, basura, defecación y actividades recreacionales. El estudio reveló una disminución significativa en la diversidad de hongos MA (diversidad alfa) y abundancia medida como densidad de esporas, biovolumen, porcentaje medio de infección (PMI) en raíces, longitud de las hifas del suelo y glomalina fácilmente extraible relacionada con proteínas solubles (EE-GRSP) en sitios contaminados. Análisis de escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (NMDS) y PERMANOVA anidados revelaron diferencias significativas en la estructura de hongos MA, que puede estar relacionada con la variación en humedad, temperatura, pH y niveles de carbono, nitrógeno y fósforo del suelo. El análisis BEST (biota y correspondencia ambiental) de muestras biológicas y ambientales mostró que la temperatura y humedad del suelo explican un 47.6 % del total de la variación en las muestras. Este estudio demostró cómo las diferentes actividades humanas en ecosistemas urbanos de Delhi son perjudiciales para la diversidad y abundancia de hongos MA.(AU)


Subject(s)
Urbanization , Man-Made Disasters , Biodiversity , Fungi , India
3.
Rev. biol. trop ; 65(2): 525-534, Apr.-Jun. 2017. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-897560

ABSTRACT

AbstractThe spatial and temporal distributions of vegetation can be influenced by edaphic and environmental factors as well as disturbances. The present study was undertaken to characterize the distribution and spatial dependence of species diversity in a fragment of semideciduous seasonal forest after a disturbance event by fire and to identify changes during natural regeneration. The fire, occurred in 1999, and surveys were undertaken in 2000, 2005 and 2014 in 26 geo-referenced plots (400 m²) distributed along two transects. The Fire Damage Index (FDI) in each plot was based on a scale from 0 to 5, and all of the arboreal individuals with diameters at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm were identified in each plot. Species diversity was calculated using the Shannon index (H'), and species richness (S) was estimated using species accumulation curves; variations between the surveys compared based on the means and standard errors. The S, H' and FDI data were submitted to non-spatial exploratory and geostatistical analyses. After adjusting the semivariograms, the levels of spatial dependence were classified, and interpolation of the variables values were performed using ordinary kriging to characterize their spatial distributions in the form of maps. Spatial analysis was used to identify and characterize differences between the post-fire surveys in terms of the configurations of the arboreal community. The fire event influenced the spatial and temporal structures of the variables S and H'. These variables showed spatial dependence and aggregated distributions, with reduction in the distance under spatial influences and a uniformity of individuals distribution in the forest fragment at the different surveys. This research characterized the distribution and spatial dependence of the variables S and H' in a forest fragment after a fire event and the alterations in the arboreal community structure during natural regeneration.


ResumenLa distribución espacial y temporal de la vegetación esta influenciada por factores edáficos, ambientales y alteraciones. En ese contexto, el objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar el patrón de distribución y la dependencia espacial de la diversidad de especies en un fragmento de bosque estacional semideciduo, donde ocurrió un incendio, e identificar alteraciones a lo largo del proceso de regeneración natural. El incendio ocurrió en 1999, y en 2000, 2005 y 2014, se hicieron inventarios florísticos en 26 parcelas (400 m2) georreferenciadas y distribuidas en dos transectos. El índice de daño del fuego (IDF) se evaluó en cada parcela con base en una escala de 0 a 5. En cada inventario se identificaron las plantas arbóreas con diámetro a altura de pecho (DAP) ≥ 5 cm, calculando la diversidad de especies con base en el índice de Shannon (H') y estimando la riqueza de especies (S). Esas variaciones fueron analizadas utilizando la curva de acumulación de especies, y la variación entre inventarios fue comparada con base en las medias y el error estándar. Los datos de S, H' e IDF fueron sometidos a análisis exploratorio no espacial y a análisis geoestadístico. Después del ajuste de los semivariogramas, se clasificó el nivel de dependencia espacial y se hizo la interpolación de datos por Krigeado ordinario para caracterizar, en mapas, el patrón de distribución espacial de esas variables. Se encontró diferencia entre los inventarios realizados después del incendio, como en la configuración de la comunidad arbórea, por lo que el análisis espacial permitió identificar y caracterizar este hecho. El incendio afectó la estructura espacial y temporal de las variables S y H'. Estas variables presentan dependencia espacial y la distribución agregada, con distancias más pequeñas bajo influencia espacial, y la uniformidad de la distribución de los individuos en el fragmento de bosque durante las distintas etapas. Por último, se caracterizó la distribución y la dependencia espacial de las variables S e H 'en un fragmento de bosque después de un incendio, y las alteraciones en la estructura de la comunidad arbórea durante la regeneración natural.

4.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 10(2): 255-262, 2012. ilus, graf, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-640789

ABSTRACT

Hemiodus langeanii, new species, is described based on 20 specimens collected in the rio Amana, a tributary of rio Maués-Açú, rio Amazonas drainage, Brazil. The new taxon can be distinguished from its congeners by its high body (27.1-35.3%, average 32.3% SL vs. 18.8-28.5% in remaining species). The new species also exhibits a large lateral dark spot that is equal to, or greater than, the eye diameter (vs. smaller in remaining species except for H. microlepis). The lack of conspicuous lateral stripe or transverse bands and the low lateral line scales count (68-74) distinguish H. langeanii from some similar species in the genus (scale counts: 94-123 in H. argenteus, 124-148 in H. microlepis, 86-99 in H. orthonops and 77-92 in H . parnaguae). Finally, the new species can be differentiated from H. unimaculatus (which overlaps in the number of lateral line scales) by the higher number of scales between the lateral line and the pelvic fin origin (9-10 vs. 4-7, respectively), which are similar sized above and below lateral line (vs. scales larger bellow the lateral line in H. unimaculatus).


Hemiodus langeanii, espécie nova, é descrita com base em 20 espécimes coletados no rio Amana, um tributário do rio Maués-Açú na drenagem do rio Amazonas, na Amazônia Brasileira. O táxon novo pode ser diferenciado de seus congêneres devido ao seu corpo muito alto (27,1-35,3%, média 32,3% CP, vs. 18,8-28,5% nas demais espécies). A espécie nova apresenta uma grande mancha lateral escura que é igual ou maior do que o diâmetro do olho (vs. menor nas demais espécies, exceto em H. microlepis). A ausência de faixa longitudinal ou bandas transversais conspícuas, associada a um baixo número de escamas na linha lateral (68-74) distinguem H. langeanii de algumas espécies similares do gênero (94-123 em H. argenteus, 124-148 em H. microlepis, 86-99 em H. orthonops e 77-92 em H . parnaguae). Finalmente, a espécie nova pode ser diferenciada de H. unimaculatus (com a qual apresenta sobreposição na contagem de escamas da linha lateral) devido ao maior número de escamas entre a linha lateral e a origem da nadadeira pélvica (9-10 vs. 4-7, respectivamente), e pelo tamanho similar das escamas acima e abaixo da linha lateral (vs. maiores abaixo da linha lateral em H. unimaculatus).


Subject(s)
Animals , Characiformes/classification , Phylogeny , Species Specificity
5.
Rev. biol. trop ; 56(4): 1971-1990, Dec. 2008. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-637791

ABSTRACT

Rapid ecological assessment of tropical fish communities in a gold mine area of Costa Rica. Gold mining impacts have generated a great concern regarding aquatic systems and habitat fragmentation. Anthropogenic disturbances on the structure and heterogeneity of a system can have an important effect on aquatic community stability. Ecological rapid assessments (1996, 2002, and 2007) were employed to determine the structure, composition and distribution of tropical fish communities in several rivers and smaller creeks from a gold mining area in Cerro Crucitas, Costa Rica. In addition, species composition and relative abundance were related with habitat structure. A total of 35 species were registered, among which sardine Astyanax aeneus (Characidae) and livebearer Alfaro cultratus (Poeciliidae) were the most abundant fish (71%). The highest species richness was observed in Caño Crucitas (s = 19) and Minas Creek (s = 18). Significant differences in fish communities structure and composition from Infiernillo river and Minas creek were observed (λ = 0.0,F132, 66 = 2.24, p < 0.001). Presence and/or absence of certain species such as Dormitor gobiomorus, Rhamdia nicaraguensis, Parachromis loiseillei and Atractosteus tropicus explained most of the spatial variation among sites. Habitat structure also contributed to explain differences among sites (λ = 0.004, F60, 183 = 5.52, p < 0.001). Substratum (soft and hard bottom types) and habitat attributes (elevation, width and depth) explained most of the variability observed in Infiernillo River, Caño Crucitas and Tamagá Creek. In addition, a significant association between fish species and habitat structure was observed. This study reveals a high complexity in tropical fish communities that inhabit a gold mine area. Furthermore,it highlights the importance of habitat heterogeneity in fish community dynamics. The loss and degradation of aquatic systems in Cerro Crucitas can have a strong negative effect on fish community structure and composition of local species. A better understanding of the use of specific habitats that serve as essential fish habitats can improve tropical fish conservation and management strategies, thus increasing local diversity, and thereby, the biological importance of the area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1971-1990. Epub 2008 December 12.


El impacto de las minerías de oro ha generado una gran preocupación por el deterioro de los hábitats acuáticos y la fragmentación de los sistemas naturales. Las perturbaciones antropogénicas sobre la estructura y heterogeneidad del sistema pueden influir en la estabilidad de las comunidades acuáticas. Sondeos ecológicos rápidos (1996, 2002, 2007) fueron empleados para determinar la estructura, composición y distribución de las comunidades de peces tropicales en varios ríos y quebradas del área de una minería de oro en el Cerro Crucitas, Costa Rica. Además, la composición de especies y abundancia relativa se relacionó con la estructura del hábitat. Se registró un total de 35 especies, de las cuales la sardina Astyanax aeneus (Characidae) y la olomina Alfaro cultratus (Poeciliidae) fueron las especies más abundantes (71%). La mayor riqueza de especies se observó en el Caño Crucitas (s = 19) y la quebrada Minas (s = 18). Se encontró una gran variación en la estructura y composición de las comunidades de peces, principalmente, en el río Infiernillo y Minas (λ = 0.0, F132, 66 = 2.24, p < 0.001). La presencia o ausencia de algunas especies como Gobiomorus dormitor, Rhamdia nicaraguensis, Parachromis loiseillei y Atractosteus tropicus explicaron la mayor parte de la variación espacial entre sitios. La heterogeneidad estructural del hábitat también contribuyó a explicar diferencias importantes entre sitios (λ = 0.004, F60, 183 = 5.52, p < 0.001). El tipo de sustrato (blando y duro) y la estructura del hábitat (elevación, ancho y profundidad) explicaron la mayor parte de la variabilidad observada en el río Infiernillo, el Caño Crucitas y la quebrada Tamagá. Además se encontró una asociación significativa entre las especies y la estructura del hábitat. Este estudio evidencia la complejidad en la estructura y composición de especies que habitan el área de la minería de oro, y acentúa la importancia de la heterogeneidad estructural del hábitat en la dinámica de las comunidades de peces tropicales. El deterioro y fragmentación de los hábitats acuáticos en el área de una minería de oro pueden tener un fuerte efecto negativo sobre la estructura de las comunidades de peces tropicales.


Subject(s)
Animals , Biodiversity , Ecosystem , Fishes/classification , Gold/analysis , Rivers/chemistry , Costa Rica , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Population Density
6.
Braz. j. biol ; 67(3): 475-483, Aug. 2007. graf, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-470163

ABSTRACT

Spatial and temporal variability of the phytoplankton community in the tropical coastal Imboassica lagoon, an environment naturally isolated from the ocean by a narrow sandbar, was analysed every two weeks for 19 months by sampling three sites. During this study, the lagoon received direct input of marine water three times, resulting in remarkable salinity, nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton biomass variations in both temporal and spatial aspects. The phytoplankton biomass presented relatively low values ranging, on average, from 0.54 mg.L-1 in the station closest to the sea (station 1) to 1.34 mg.L-1 in the station close to a macrophyte bank (station 3). Diatoms and cryptomonads dominated in stations 1 and 2 (located relatively close to station 1, yet receiving the runoff of domestic sewage), and euglenoids, cryptomonads and dinoflagellates at station 3. Stations 1 and 2 usually presented the same dominant species but station 2 presented a higher phytoplankton biomass. On the other hand, station 3 showed more similar results concerning phytoplankton biomass with station 2, however the dominant species were usually different. The high fluctuations of salinity and the reduced nutrient availability are pointed out as the main factors structuring the dynamics of the phytoplankton community at the Imboassica lagoon.


Variações espaciais e temporais da comunidade fitoplanctônica da lagoa Imboassica, um ambiente naturalmente isolado do oceano por uma estreita barra de areia, foram analisadas com base em coletas quinzenais, realizadas em três estações, durante 19 meses. Durante este estudo, a barra de areia foi rompida três vezes, resultando em acentuadas variações temporais e espaciais na salinidade, na concentração de nutrientes e na biomassa fitoplanctônica. Esta apresentou valores relativamente baixos, variando de 0,54 mg.L-1 na estação mais próxima ao mar (estação 1) a 1,34 mg.L-1 na estação próxima a um banco de macrófitas (estação 3). Diatomáceas e criptofíceas dominaram nas estações 1 e 2 (esta última localizada, relativamente próxima à estação 1, porém recebendo aporte de esgotos domésticos), e euglenofíceas, criptofíceas e dinofíceas na estação 3. As estações 1 e 2 apresentaram, de modo geral, as mesmas espécies dominantes, diferindo neste aspecto da estação 3, no entanto, esta diferiu significantemente apenas da estação 1, em termos de biomassa fitoplanctônica. As elevadas flutuações na salinidade e a reduzida disponibilidade de nutrientes são apontadas como os principais fatores estruturadores da dinâmica da comunidade fitoplanctônica na lagoa Imboassica.


Subject(s)
Animals , Phytoplankton/classification , Brazil , Population Density , Population Dynamics , Seasons , Seawater
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